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India's last official census in 2011 counted 1.21 billion people. The country's population is now estimated to be well over 1.4 billion, making it the , according to the U.N.’s Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

The once-in-a-decade population survey was originally due in 2021 but was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic and logistical hurdles.

Here's a look at what goes into India's census and why it matters.

The census shapes welfare policies and representation

The official count of the country’s people is used to allocate many of India's welfare programs and other policies.

It could also pave the way for redrawing the political landscape of India as seats are added to the lower house of Parliament and state legislatures to represent a larger population.

Under the 2023 Women's Reservation Bill, a third of those seats will be set aside for women.

A massive count

The Indian census is said to be the largest peacetime mobilization in the world.

Almost 2.7 million people were hired to implement the 2011 census, visiting more than 240 million households.

The Home Ministry said the new census will be carried out in two phases and conclude by March 1, 2027. The government will spell out the details and schedule of the exercise later this month.

They'll collect information about houses and their occupants, such as sex, age, marital status, religion, mother tongue, language, literacy and economic activity — as well as caste.

New questions about caste are controversial

The next census will be the first to consider the caste status of most Indians.

Caste is an ancient system of social hierarchy in India and is critical to Indian life and politics. There are hundreds of caste groups based on occupation and economic status across India, particularly among Hindus, but the country has limited, or outdated data on how many people belong to them.

Since independent India's first census in 1951, it counted only Dalits and Adivasis, members of marginalized groups known as scheduled castes and tribes.

But India also has quotas that reserve government jobs, college admissions and elected offices for a swathe of lower and intermediate castes that are recognized as Other Backward Classes. India’s current policy caps quotas at 50%, with 27% reserved for OBCs. A count of these groups will likely lead to calls to raise the quotas.

Successive Indian governments have resisted updating caste data, arguing that it could lead to social unrest.

The announcement on the census comes months ahead of a crucial election in India’s poorest state of Bihar, where caste is a key issue. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party runs a coalition government in Bihar.