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“Not since the 2011 revolution have Tunisian authorities unleashed such repression,� Bassam Khawaja, the group's deputy Middle East and North Africa director, said in a statement. “Saied’s government has returned the country to an era of political prisoners, robbing Tunisians of hard-won civil liberties.�

More than 50 people are currently detained on political grounds, Human Rights Watch said, citing a January tally. Of those, 22 are held arbitrarily, while 14 face charges that could carry the death penalty if convicted.

Tunisian authorities have not responded to the allegations detailed in the report, which draws a direct line between the judicial system and actions that Saied has taken to consolidate power since 2021.

At the time, citing the COVID-19 pandemic and domestic political crises, he suspended parliament, rewrote the constitution to consolidate his power and began to exert more control over the judiciary.

“The authorities’ stranglehold on the judiciary, following repeated attacks on its independence, raises serious concerns about fair trial guarantees for those detained,� the new report says.

Saied was reelected in a landslide last October after a campaign during which his most prominent challengers were imprisoned, kept off the ballot or jailed.

The report cites military courts and what it calls “overly broad and abusive accusations,� including charges of threatening state security, as among the tools used to suppress dissent. Politicians, lawyers, journalists and activists have been prosecuted for insulting the president or spreading so-called “fake news.�

Decree-Law 54, a cybercrime statute passed in 2022, has become a key instrument. At least 28 people — including nine journalists — have been prosecuted under the law, which mandates a minimum of five years in prison for anyone found guilty of spreading false information.

Those arbitrarily detained in Tunisia include both prominent figures and private citizens. Among them are Rached Tamboura, a calligraphy student imprisoned for graffiti denouncing Saied and his treatment of Black migrants; right-wing politician Abir Moussi; and numerous members and former officials of Ennahda, the Islamist party sidelined under Saied’s rule.

The most prominent detainee is the party's former leader , arrested in 2023 and now facing multiple charges. His family told Human Rights Watch that some of his requests for routine medical care have been denied.

Also detained is Sihem Bensedrine, a lawyer and former head of Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission, which investigated abuses under longtime autocrat Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Bensedrine was charged and imprisoned under Saied.

Human Rights Watch called on Tunisia's allies and partners — including the European Union — to review agreements with the country to ensure it complies with human rights obligations.